What is a Healthy Skin & Coat?

Let’s explore why a healthy skin & coat is important. The skin is the largest organ of the body. Depending on the species and age, the skin may be 12 to 24% of a pet’s total body weight. The skin is also one of the most important organs of the body as it forms a barrier to protect the dog & cat from infections, parasites, and the elements. One of the skin’s most important functions is to maintain the body’s internal environment, preventing the loss of moisture and other body constituents and providing them with its sense of pressure and touch. Because the skin is on the outside of the body, it is easily exposed to outside elements and quite susceptible to injury and disease.

The skin is made up of three major layers of cells that contain blood vessels, nerve endings, lubricating (sebaceous) glands, and hair follicles.

The three layers are called:

• Epidermis or outermost layers
• Dermis or middle layer
• Subcutis or innermost layer

There are often significant differences in the skin of different species. Notable differences between canine and human skin are as follows:

	Canine	Human
Epidermal layers	3-5	10-15
Epidermal cell turnover	Every 20 Days	Every 28 Days
Sweat glands	Foot Pads	Whole Body
pH of the skin	7.5 Neutral	5.5 Acidic

Another major difference is that our canine friends produce multiple hairs out of a single follicle while humans and cats only produce a single hair shaft.

Human shampoos should not be used on our dogs and cats. The acid pH of their hair products will dry and damage their neutral pH skin.

Epidermis Layers

The epidermis is composed of older cells that form a tough, protective outer barrier. It provides protection from foreign substances. As these cells slough off, other cells mature and move up to replace them. The epidermis is composed of multiple types of cells, including keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. Each of these cells have a special function. The epidermis varies in thickness. In the more exposed areas, such as the head and back, the epidermis is thicker than areas such as the belly and groin.

Keratinocytes provide a protective layer that is constantly being renewed in a process called keratinization. In this process, new skin cells are created near the base of the epidermis and migrate upwards. This produces a compact layer of dead cells on the skin surface. This layer keeps in fluids, salts, and nutrients, while keeping out infectious or noxious agents. The top layer of dead skin cells are continuously shed and replaced by cells from lower layers. The rate of cell replacement is affected by nutrition, hormones, tissue factors, immune cells in the skin, and genetics. Disease and inflammation also alter normal cell growth and keratinization.

Melanocytes are located at the base of the epidermis, the outer root sheath of hairs, and the ducts of the sebaceous and sweat glands. The melanocytes produce the skin and hair coloring (pigment) called melanin. Production of melanin is controlled by both hormones and the genes received from parents. Melanin helps protect the cells from the damaging rays of the sun.

Langerhans cells are part of the immune system. These cells are damaged when exposed to excessive ultraviolet light and glucocorticoids (anti-inflammatory drugs). Langerhans cells play an important role in the skin’s response to foreign substances and contribute to such things as the development of rashes when an animal is exposed to irritating materials.

Merkel cells are specialized cells associated with the sensory organs in the skin. In particular, Merkel cells help provide animals with sensory information from whiskers and the deep skin areas called tylotrich pads.

Basement Membrane Zone

This layer of the skin is located beneath the epidermis and connects the epidermis to the dermis layer below. It also serves as a protective barrier between the epidermis and the dermis. Several skin diseases, including a number of autoimmune conditions, can damage the basement membrane zone.

Dermis

The deeper layer (dermis) contains hair follicles, blood vessels, nerves and sebaceous glands that provide the skin with oils. The dermis supports and nourishes the epidermis and skin appendages. The blood vessels that supply the epidermis with nutrients are located in the dermis. Blood vessels also help regulate skin and body temperature. Sensory nerves are located in the dermis and hair follicles. The skin responds to the sensations of touch, pain, itch, heat, and cold. The dermis secretes the proteins collagen and elastin, which give support and elasticity to the skin. There are also immune cells in the dermis that defend against infectious agents that pass through the epidermis.

Subcutis or Hypodermis

The subcutis is the innermost layer of the skin. It contains the subcutaneous fat and muscles. (The word subcutaneous means “beneath the skin.”) The twitch muscle is the major muscle immediately beneath the skin. The subcutaneous fat provides insulation; a reservoir for fluids, electrolytes, and energy; and a shock absorber.

Skin Appendages

Hair follicles, oil and sweat glands, and claws, are skin appendages that grow out of the epidermis and dermis. Hair and nails are made of a hard substance called keratin.

Canine & Feline Healthy Skin and Coats

The hair coats primary function is to protect the skin from physical and ultraviolet light damage. It is also helpful in the regulation of body temperature. It conserves heat by trapping dead air space between secondary hairs, which requires that the hairs be dry and waterproof. The cold-weather coat of many dogs is longer and finer to facilitate heat conservation. To facilitate cooling, the warm-weather coat has shorter, thicker hairs and fewer secondary hairs that allow air to move more easily through the coat. Scientifically, hair and fur are made of exactly the same material, a protein called keratin.

Puppies are born with simple hair follicles (one hair per follicle). They are covered by a short, soft furry-like hair. Puppies have all the hair follicles it will ever have at birth. By six to eight months the hair follicles become compound (a central hair surrounded by 3 – 15 smaller secondary hairs all in the same follicle. At this time the hair coat becomes a coarser, longer, and usually darker hair coat. Breeds and individuals have different rates of coat development. Factors such as day length, hormones, average outdoor temperature, and nutrition all influence coat development.

Kittens are born covered by a short, soft, and sometimes wooly-like hair. Most kittens develop a coarser, longer, and occasionally darker coat by six to eight months of age. A kitten is born with all of the hair follicles it will ever possess. Any future differences or changes of the hair coat will be due to changes within the follicle.

Hair growth occurs in cycles or phases. Phase I is called Anagen. This is when hair is produced. The new hair grows alongside the old, which is subsequently lost. Phase II is an intermediate stage called Catagen which signals the end of the growing phase. Phase III or Telogen is the resting phase where the follicle is considered dormant. The size, shape, and length of hair are controlled by genetics and hormones. Disease, drugs, nutrition, and environment can affect the health and growth cycles of hair.

Dogs have two types of hair. There are short fluffy hairs called secondary hairs, underfur or undercoat. The second type of hair is the longer and stiffer outer hairs called primary hairs, outer coat or guard hairs. The ratio of primary and secondary hair differs by breed and age.

Cats have four types of hair. There are short fluffy hairs called secondary hairs. Other names for secondary hairs include underfur and undercoat. The second type is the longer and stiffer outer hairs called primary hairs. The primary hairs are also referred to as guard hairs, outer hairs, or outer coat. Cats, unlike some other mammals, also have hairs called awn hairs which are thinner than the primary hairs. Finally, whiskers are actually specially developed hairs, called tactile hairs, which help the cat sense her surroundings.

There is no such thing as a non-shedding canine breed. The extent to which an individual dog sheds is governed by such factors as age, amount of sunlight, outside temperature, breed, sex, hormones, allergies and nutrition. Indoor dogs tend to shed in a more or less continuous fashion because of artificial heat and more importantly light. Outdoor dogs and cats tend to shed for several weeks during major seasonal changes, most notably in spring and fall. They tend to grow more secondary hairs or underfur in the fall for warmth. In the spring they lose the underfur and replace much of it with the longer primary or guard hairs. The hair coat changes in appearance and texture but the absolute numbers of hair follicles and hair does not.

Feline breeds and individuals within every breed will shed and regrow hair at varying rates. If a cat sheds often it is more noticeable than if she sheds extensively but for a period of only several weeks. Indoor cats also tend to shed in a more or less continuous fashion.

Oil & Sweat Glands

Oil glands (also called sebaceous glands) secrete an oily substance called sebum into the hair follicles and onto the skin. Oil glands are present in large numbers near the paws, back of the neck, rump, chin, and tail area. Sebum, a mixture of fatty acids, is important for keeping the skin soft, moist, and pliable. Sebum also gives the hair coat sheen and has antibiotic properties.

Dogs have sweat glands on the feet that may play a minor role in cooling of the body. Dogs primarily release excess body heat through panting and drooling.

Continuously Growing Hair Coats

Most dogs grow their coat to a specific length and then the hair growth stops. In other breeds, the hair keeps growing. They may not appear to shed as much but, all dogs except for the hairless breeds shed. Breeds with continuously growing hair coats include:

• Bedlington Terrier
• Bichon Frise
• Irish Water Spaniel
• Kerry Blue Terrier
• Maltese Terrier
• Poodle
• Portuguese Water Dog
• Schnauzer
• Soft Coated Wheaton Terrier

Wirehaired Coats

Wirehaired dogs have coarser textured hair that is more bristly than smooth. Many wirehaired dogs also have a characteristic beard. Most of the Terriers have this type of coat.

Curly Coats

Some breeds have curly coats based on their genotype. Straight hair is dominant over curly.
Breeds noted for their curly coats include:

• Airedale
• Irish Water Spaniel
• Curly Coated Retriever
• Poodle
• Welsh Terrier
• Wirehaired Fox Terrier
• Bichon Frise

The following breeds can have either curly or straight hair based on their genotype:

• Havanese
• Kerry Blue Terrier
• Kuvasz
• Portuguese Water Dog
• Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier

Corded Coats

Corded coats are both curly and continuously growing. The Puli and Komondor are examples of a breed with corded coats. This type of coat protected these herding breeds from wolves since the coat is so thick even wolf teeth couldn’t penetrate it.

Hairless Breeds

A few breeds do not grow any hair at all like the Mexican hairless and American Hairless Terrier. One variety of the Chinese Crested grows hair on its extremities while another the Powder Puff has long hair covering its entire body.

Nutrition and a Healthy Skin & Coat

The skin and hair coat must protect your pet against environmental insults, such as insects, bacteria, parasites and weather. Unfortunately, the skin and hair coat are on the bottom of the priority system when it comes to being fed the nutrients needed to remain healthy. Nutritional rationing always favors the internal organs. When diet is poor in quality, fed in insufficient amounts or the demands of the dog or cat exceed their nutritional intake, the skin & coat are the first to show signs of a deficiency. Perhaps this is why veterinarians see more skin and coat problems than anything else these days.

We all would like our pets to look like those show cats and dogs we occasionally see. Is there a reason why most of our pets do not resemble our breed champions?

One reason is that today’s pet foods only provide maintenance levels of protein, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. Owners of performance and show animals know the value of feeding higher quality diets and supplementing to achieve the desired effect.

When nutrient needs go up, such as we see during increased activity, reproduction, injury, disease or stress…it becomes easier to see why the skin and hair coat of our pets can be affected so easily.

Today’s foods are also known to make our pets more susceptible to inflammation; something science tells us contributes greatly to disease.

Giving our pets more food just to provide additional skin and coat nutrients is not a good idea. More food – equals more calories – equals unnecessary weight gain. We all know about canine and feline obesity and the problems it presents.

Supplementation is actually the best solution. A high-quality nutritional supplement can provide specific skin and hair coat nutrients in a concentrated form that does not increase the daily caloric intake of the dog and cat.

It also makes sense that maintaining a healthy skin & coat before problems occur would be easier and less expensive than treating one of the many skin and coat problems we often encounter.

Check out our supplements for a healthy Skin and Coat.